{"id":1400,"date":"2024-10-23T19:44:16","date_gmt":"2024-10-23T19:44:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fawyerz.in\/judgments\/?p=1400"},"modified":"2025-03-12T16:28:33","modified_gmt":"2025-03-12T10:58:33","slug":"ajay-hasia-etc-vs-khalid-mujib-sehravardi-ors-etc-1981-air-487-case-summary","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fawyerz.in\/judgments\/constitutional-law\/ajay-hasia-etc-vs-khalid-mujib-sehravardi-ors-etc-1981-air-487-case-summary\/","title":{"rendered":"Ajay Hasia Etc. Vs. Khalid Mujib Sehravardi &amp; Ors. Etc. (1981) (Case Summary)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1400\" class=\"elementor elementor-1400\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52abb3b7 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"52abb3b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-43b67e75\" data-id=\"43b67e75\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-7b3b9ad0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"7b3b9ad0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-27999632\" data-id=\"27999632\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d270bbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d270bbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ajay Hasia Vs. Khalid Mujib Sehravardi &amp; Ors (Case Summary)<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c8912e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6c8912e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" src=\"https:\/\/fawyerz.in\/judgments\/wp-content\/uploads\/Untitled_design_501.png\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536 wp-image-1401\" alt=\"Ajay Hasia Etc. Vs. Khalid Mujib Sehravardi &amp; Ors. Etc. 1981 AIR 487\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fawyerz.in\/judgments\/wp-content\/uploads\/Untitled_design_501.png 1280w, https:\/\/fawyerz.in\/judgments\/wp-content\/uploads\/Untitled_design_501-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/fawyerz.in\/judgments\/wp-content\/uploads\/Untitled_design_501-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/fawyerz.in\/judgments\/wp-content\/uploads\/Untitled_design_501-150x84.png 150w, https:\/\/fawyerz.in\/judgments\/wp-content\/uploads\/Untitled_design_501-768x432.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e84c164 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5e84c164\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this landmark ruling, the Hon&#8217;ble Supreme Court of India broadened the definition of \u201cState\u201d under Article 12 of the Constitution, holding that societies, corporates or other entities heavily controlled by the government are considered instrumentalities of the State, thus subject to constitutional obligations. The court established tests to determine whether such an entity can be considered other authorities under the definition of state under Article 12.<\/span><\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #000000;color:#000000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #000000;color:#000000\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/fawyerz.in\/judgments\/constitutional-law\/ajay-hasia-etc-vs-khalid-mujib-sehravardi-ors-etc-1981-air-487-case-summary\/#Facts_of_Ajay_Hasia_Vs_Khalid_Mujib\" >Facts of Ajay Hasia Vs. Khalid Mujib<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/fawyerz.in\/judgments\/constitutional-law\/ajay-hasia-etc-vs-khalid-mujib-sehravardi-ors-etc-1981-air-487-case-summary\/#Issues_framed\" >Issues framed<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/fawyerz.in\/judgments\/constitutional-law\/ajay-hasia-etc-vs-khalid-mujib-sehravardi-ors-etc-1981-air-487-case-summary\/#Judgment_of_Ajay_Hasia_Vs_Khalid_Mujib\" >Judgment of Ajay Hasia Vs. Khalid Mujib<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/fawyerz.in\/judgments\/constitutional-law\/ajay-hasia-etc-vs-khalid-mujib-sehravardi-ors-etc-1981-air-487-case-summary\/#Click_here_to_read_the_Judgment\" >Click here to read the Judgment<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Facts_of_Ajay_Hasia_Vs_Khalid_Mujib\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><b>Facts of <\/b>Ajay Hasia Vs. Khalid Mujib<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Regional Engineering College, Srinagar was registered as a society under the Jammu &amp; Kashmir Registration of Societies Act, 1898.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1979, the college invited applications for B.E. course admissions for the 1979-80 academic year.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The petitioners applied, took a written test, and appeared for a viva voce interview conducted by a committee.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The petitioners contend that their interviews lasted only 2 to 3 minutes on average, during which they were asked superficial questions about parentage and residence, with few relevant questions concerning the factors for which marks were allocated.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Upon the announcement of admissions, they discovered that despite scoring well in the qualifying examination, they were denied admission due to low marks in the viva voce.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Meanwhile, candidates with lower marks in the qualifying and written tests secured admission due to disproportionately high marks in the viva voce.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Challenging the admissions, the petitioners filed a writ petition under Article 32 of the Constitution.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Issues_framed\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><b>Issues framed<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether the society managing the Regional Engineering College, Srinagar, could be considered an &#8220;instrumentality&#8221; or &#8220;agency&#8221; of the State under Article 12 of the Indian Constitution, hence is it maintainable or not?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether the denial of admission to the petitioners based on a non-transparent and arbitrary viva voce process amounts to a violation of the fundamental right to equality under Article 14 of the Indian Constitution?<\/span><\/li><\/ol><h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Judgment_of_Ajay_Hasia_Vs_Khalid_Mujib\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><b>Judgment of Ajay Hasia Vs. Khalid Mujib<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><br \/><\/span><\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Court\u2019s analysis focused on interpreting Article 12 of the Constitution, which defines &#8220;State&#8221; to include various entities such as the government and its instrumentalities. The key question was whether a society, created or governed by statute, could be classified as a &#8220;State&#8221; under this article. The Court applied the principles established in the case of R.D. Shetty v. International Airport Authority of India, which outlined the factors to determine if a body qualifies as an &#8220;instrumentality&#8221; of the State.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Relevant Factors from the International Airport Authority Case: To classify a corporation or entity as a &#8220;State&#8221; under Article 12, the following factors were considered:<\/span><\/p><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Whether the Government Owns the Entire Share Capital:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> If the entire share capital is held by the government, it indicates the corporation is an instrumentality or agency of the government.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Whether the Financial Assistance from the State is Substantial:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> If state financial assistance covers almost the entire expenditure, it suggests the corporation has a governmental character.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Whether the Corporation Enjoys Monopoly Status:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> If the corporation enjoys monopoly status conferred or protected by the state, it may indicate it is an instrumentality or agency of the government.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Whether There is Deep and Pervasive State Control:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The existence of deep and pervasive state control indicates the corporation is a state agency or instrumentality.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Whether the Functions are of Public Importance:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> If the corporation&#8217;s functions are of public importance and closely related to governmental functions, it supports classification as an instrumentality or agency of the government.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Whether a Government Department has been Transferred: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If a government department is transferred to a corporation, it strongly supports the inference that the corporation is an instrumentality or agency of the government.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Court determined that a society, even if created under statute, can be considered a &#8220;State&#8221; under Article 12 if it meets the criteria established for classifying a corporation as an &#8220;authority&#8221; within the meaning of Article 12. The Court found that the society managing the Regional Engineering College met the established criteria based on the following findings:<\/span><\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Government-Dominated Composition:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The Society managing the college was primarily composed of representatives appointed by the Central Government and the Governments of Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh, subject to the approval of the Central Government. This governmental representation in the composition of the Society indicates substantial state control.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Complete Financial Dependency:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The entire funding necessary for the operation of the college was provided by the Central Government and the Government of Jammu &amp; Kashmir. Furthermore, the Society could not receive any other funds without the prior approval of both the State and Central Governments, thus demonstrating significant financial control by the government.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Approval of Rules and Finances:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The Society was required to obtain the prior approval of both the State and Central Governments for the formulation of its rules. Additionally, the accounts of the Society were subject to scrutiny and approval by both governments, further evidencing their overarching control over its operations.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Deep and Pervasive Government Control: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Society was obliged to comply with all directions issued by the State Government, provided they were approved by the Central Government. The disposal of immovable property by the Society could not occur without the approval of both the State and Central Governments. The State Government, with the approval of the Central Government, also retained the authority to appoint or remove members of the Society, except for those representing the State or Central Government.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Control over the Board of Governors:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The Board of Governors, which exercised general superintendence, direction, and control over the affairs of the Society, including its income and property, was largely controlled by individuals nominated by the State and Central Governments. This level of control over the highest decision-making body of the Society further demonstrated the pervasive nature of state involvement.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><b>Final Judgment: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Hon&#8217;ble Supreme Court dismissed the writ petitions challenging the admissions for the 1979-80 academic session at the Regional Engineering College, Srinagar, observing that while the selection process was deemed arbitrary and unreasonable, nullifying the admissions would cause serious disruption to students who had already completed nearly three semesters. The Court further noted that even if the petitioners were ultimately found entitled to admission, restoration to the 1979-80 academic year, which had long since lapsed, would not be feasible.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Court also concluded that the degree of control exercised by the Central and State Governments over the Society managing the Regional Engineering College was so extensive that the Society operated as an extension or agency of the State. Accordingly, the Society was held to be an &#8220;authority&#8221; within the meaning of Article 12 of the Indian Constitution, making it subject to constitutional obligations, particularly those under Article 14, which mandates equality before the law and prohibits arbitrary actions. The court further observed that the factors for the test of instrumentality are illustrative and not conclusive.<\/span><\/p><h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Click_here_to_read_the_Judgment\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/fawyerz.in\/judgments\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ajay-Hasia-Etc.-Vs.-Khalid-Mujib-Sehravardi-Ors.-Etc.-Judgement.pdf\"><b style=\"font-style: inherit; font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; color: #993300; font-size: 1.22222rem; background-color: var(--ast-global-color-5);\">Click here to read the Judgment<\/b><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159c5006 elementor-widget elementor-widget-pdfjs-viewer\" data-id=\"159c5006\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"pdfjs-viewer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe width=\"\" height=\"700\" src=\"https:\/\/fawyerz.in\/judgments\/wp-content\/plugins\/pdfjs-viewer-for-elementor\/\/assets\/js\/pdfjs\/web\/viewer.html?file=https:\/\/fawyerz.in\/judgments\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ajay-Hasia-Etc.-Vs.-Khalid-Mujib-Sehravardi-Ors.-Etc.-Judgement.pdf\"><\/iframe>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In this landmark ruling, the Hon&#8217;ble Supreme Court of India broadened the definition of \u201cState\u201d under Article 12 of the Constitution, holding those societies, corporates or other entities heavily controlled by the government<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1401,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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